Do you mean that you can actually type with that cover over the keys? If it's anything like the early cell phone protective covers (the ones I remember had sort of a plastic sheet over the keypad) I would find it hard to use. I could only press the keys through that plastic cover by using a long thumbnail. Otherwise I would hit the wrong keys.
Or is this just going to sit beside the keyboard that you can glance at when you need a hint?
If you mean it's going to be on the keyboard while you type, I would put the paper underneath, rather than on top. Otherwise, the wear and tear from your fingers, and skin oils and stuff, will wear away the drawing on the paper, pretty fast.
How flexible is this silicone? I only know about the kind of silicone that you use to fix leaks, it dries kind of rubbery-hard. If it's very flexible, and it only costs a dollar, maybe you could put the tiny bits of paper in between 2 of them, nested together? Then you could make the pieces of paper big enough to wedge them into the key cavity (between the 2 covers), and not worry about what kind of adhesive to use. The 2nd cover would hold them in place.
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I wonder if you could use the leak-fixing kind of silicone to attach the paper?