With inkscape you can nicely convert or export to EPS with command line.

Is there any way to include a pixelated preview with Inkscape?

The options I thought of, however, are either not practical or not working:
1) using GSview (do it manually for every file)
2) with Ghostscript I haven't found the dedicated command line options
3) "epstool" which was actually made for that, but the page (http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/gsview/epstool.htm) seems to be not supported anymore and the download link (Windows-Zip-Version) is not correct.

Is this the EPT file format? https://www.imagemagick.org/script/formats.php

Then maybe imagemagick will do the trick for you.

Thanks, Moini, for the hint to ImageMagick.
I installed and tried it. I don't know why they call an EPS with Preview EPT? This actually would require an unnecessary renaming later. Anyway, it looks like it's adding something like a preview at least the file get's bigger.
However, this ImageMagick-"Preview"
1) does not show up in LibreOffice
2) does show up in DTP Scribus, however, it's only exported as pixelated Version even when using the "Experimental EPS-Embed-Option" when exporting to PDF.
Well, so be it! Yet another incompatibility...
On the other hand, a manually created GSview-Preview shows up in LibreOffice and is exported correcty in Scribus.

Anyway, my hope was that Inkscape maybe had an option, since all necessary components should be present in Inkscape.

Not that I know of. All options that are available (aside from the verbs in the verb-list) are mentioned in the man page.