Welcome to the forum!
It sounds like you're looking for docked dialogs, on the right side of the screen. In your screenshot, the docking area appears to be open, but there just aren't any open dialogs. Try opening some. Like Object menu > Align and Distribute, or Object menu > Fill and Stroke.
I don't know if those dialogs will be docked with you first open them. If they aren't docked, but are floating, they can be docked. Once you open them, if they aren't docked, let us know and we can explain how to dock them. Or read the manual info:
http://tavmjong.free.fr/INKSCAPE/MANUAL/html/Anatomy.html#Anatomy-DockYou might not want all the dialogs docked. For example, some of them are quite large, and when they're docked, they take up a lot of the screen area. So it's possible to have some docked and have others floating.
Not knowing how long you've been away from Inkscape, there may be some new window and dialog management tools, which you can find in Inkscape Preferences > Interface > Windows. You can set to have them always open in the same place they were the last time, for example. (Or you can set so that they don't.)