Oh gosh, I don't know any way to move all the guides in one go. Certainly not on the canvas. There might be a way to do it with the XML, but I don't know what that would be.
They could probably be snapped to the objects, to make it quick and easy. But that still would mean moving them one at a time.
No, guides can't be moved together with objects either. Again, not on the canvas that I know of. Possibly using the code, but I couldn't say how.
But, I have a solution for you, either for next time, or if you want to just move the objects back to where they were.
Select all.
Document Properties > Page tab > Page Size > Custom Size > Resize page to contents
This will automatically move the page borders to match the contents. So it will take whatever is the center of the contents, where they are now (which you thought was the center of the page before), and adjust the page borders to match.
Edit
I never thought about this before, but if you have guides that are placed specifically, and you use that resize to contents feature, it must have to recalculate the guide position, to match the new page border, yet without actually moving the guides.