Welcome Barnabe!
I agree with Lazur's suggestions, to either use the Scatter extension, or PAP LPE (details below).
The Scatter extension (Extensions menu > Generate from path > Scatter) is a static trail of the symbols or objects you want. So if you need to change it later, you have to delete and draw a new path, and apply the extension again. (Or Undo, if you don't get too far along before you realize you want to change it.) The Scatter dialog has a Live Preview. So that helps a little in being able to get your path right before you finally apply it. If you need to edit the symbol object, be sure to use the Cloned option in the Scatter dialog. Then you can edit the parent object, and all the symbol objects in the path will change at the same time.
The Pattern Along Path LPE (Live Path Effect) (Path menu > Path Effects > + > Pattern Along Path) is very similar. It doesn't have a preview, but after you apply it, you can adjust the path at any time afterwards. It's also very similar here, if you need to edit the symbol object. Use the Linked option in the PAP dialog, and it works as if it were a clone.
In my experience, Scatter is better, because there's less distortion of the symbol object. Around tight curves or sharp corners, the symbol object can be severely distorted, with PAP. Adding more nodes to the path might help.
There's also a PAP extension, but it's not live. I guess it probably has a live preview, but the LPE is better for almost any project.
Note that these features probably require an intermediate skill with Inkscape. It will take a good deal of patience, as a beginner, to use these. But they aren't so advanced that we can't help and guide you through, assuming you'll be making a good effort on your own, before asking for help.
Also note that maps tend to become very large, and sometimes very fast. If your file becomes so large that it challenges you computer's resources (mostly RAM), the LPEs will be hard to control. At some point, you may need to convert the live path into a static object.
The part about your message that I'm not clear about, is "I ll then draw different map based on those effects". Will there be several maps?